Common Infectious Diseasees In Indonesia
Common Infectious Diseasees in Indonesia – Infectious diseases are a threat that can occur anytime and anywhere. The ease of transmission of these diseases requires individuals to be more vigilant so as not to become susceptible to infection. These diseases can spread through various transmission channels, from consuming food to animal bites.
Common Infectious Diseasees In Indonesia
roskapital – Infectious diseases are usually caused by microorganisms, such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, or fungi. There are two mechanisms of transmission of infectious diseases, namely direct and indirect transmission.
Direct transmission occurs through physical contact with an infected individual, which can include touching or interacting with bodily fluids such as urine and blood. Conversely, indirect transmission can occur when someone touches the face area after contact with objects that are susceptible to contamination, such as doorknobs and water taps.
Furthermore, infectious diseases can also spread through animal bites or physical interaction with animal bodily fluids, as well as through food and drinks contaminated by disease-causing pathogens.
# Common Infectious Diseases in Indonesia
Infectious diseases generally have a higher risk of causing infection in individuals with weak immune systems. Transmission of this disease also tends to increase in certain conditions, such as during the rainy season or floods.
The following are several types of infectious diseases along with their symptoms and signs:
1. Acute Respiratory Tract Infection (ARI)
Respiratory tract infections can affect the nose, throat, airways, and lungs. Symptoms that usually appear include fever, sore throat, discomfort when swallowing, dry or phlegmy cough, and runny nose.
ARI can be caused by viral or bacterial infections. ARI caused by viruses will generally improve within 3 to 14 days. If caused by bacteria, the doctor will prescribe antibiotics as treatment.
ARI prevention can be done in several ways, such as consuming a balanced nutritious diet, washing hands regularly, and undergoing influenza vaccination. In addition, implementing coughing and sneezing etiquette and wearing masks are also important to prevent transmission of viruses and bacteria to others.
2. Typhoid Fever
Typhoid fever is an infectious disease that can be transmitted through consumption of food or drinks contaminated by the bacteria *Salmonella typhi*. Symptoms that appear include high fever, fatigue, headache, nausea, abdominal pain, and diarrhea, which is sometimes accompanied by a skin rash.
Symptoms of typhoid fever usually appear 7 to 14 days after infection occurs. Although quite common, typhoid fever must be treated properly, because it can lead to serious, life-threatening complications.
Therefore, it is highly recommended to consult a doctor if symptoms of typhoid fever appear. Common treatments include giving antibiotics and fever reducers. It is very important to complete the antibiotic regimen according to the doctor’s instructions, even though the symptoms have subsided.
To prevent transmission of this disease, individuals are advised to wash their hands frequently, especially after using the toilet or before eating. In addition, avoid consuming raw foods and be sure to wash fruit under running water before enjoying it.
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3. Diarrhea
Diarrhea is characterized by a frequency of bowel movements that exceeds three times a day, with liquid stools and accompanied by a feeling of nausea. In some conditions, diarrhea can also be accompanied by the presence of blood or mucus.
Diarrhea is often considered a trivial condition. However, it is important to note that this disease can potentially cause death, especially in toddlers. Transmission of diarrhea can occur through water, soil, or food that has been contaminated by viruses, bacteria, or parasites.
Similarly, with acute respiratory infections (ARI), prevention of diarrhea can be done through good hygiene practices, such as washing hands effectively, washing food before processing, and ensuring that food consumed has been thoroughly cooked.
For children, rotavirus vaccination can be given as a preventive measure against transmission of this disease.
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a bacterial infection that mainly attacks the lungs, although this bacteria can also affect other parts of the body, such as bones, joints, meninges (TB meningitis), lymph nodes (glandular TB), and pericardium. Transmission of the bacteria that cause this infectious disease can occur through the air when the sufferer coughs or sneezes. Prevention of tuberculosis infection can be done by administering the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine.
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Dengue Fever
Dengue fever is an infectious disease caused by the dengue virus, which is transmitted to humans through the bite of the Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. This disease is generally a seasonal phenomenon that often occurs in tropical countries, including Indonesia. In Indonesia, this infection occurs more often during the rainy season. If not treated properly, dengue fever can develop into a more serious condition, such as dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). Efforts to prevent the transmission of dengue fever can be done by implementing the 3M plus principle, namely draining water reservoirs, covering water containers, burying used goods, and using mosquito repellent lotion, mosquito nets when sleeping, avoiding the habit of hanging clothes, and planting plants that function as mosquito repellents.
Worms
Worms are a condition caused by infection with hookworms, tapeworms, and pinworms that infect the intestines. Common symptoms that appear include abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, fatigue, and significant weight loss. Transmission of worm disease can occur both directly and indirectly. For example, transmission can occur indirectly through contact with objects containing worm eggs, which then touch the face area, such as the eyes, nose, and mouth. To prevent infection with this disease, it is advisable to avoid consuming raw or undercooked meat and ensure that fruits and vegetables are washed thoroughly before being processed or consumed. Hand hygiene before and after eating also plays an important role in preventing worm disease.
Skin Diseases
Contagious skin diseases, such as scabies, leprosy, and ringworm, are some types of diseases that are common and are often caused by poor personal and environmental hygiene. The symptoms that appear from each disease are different. In scabies, symptoms can include severe itching, especially at night, as well as the appearance of rashes and wounds from scratching, with some areas of skin feeling dry and thickened. The symptoms of ringworm are almost similar to scabies, but are characterized by the appearance of a circular rash on the skin and hair loss in the affected area. Leprosy also attacks the skin area and is characterized by white or lighter patches than the surrounding skin, accompanied by symptoms of muscle weakness and numbness, especially in the hands and feet, and vision problems.
Malaria
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by parasites and transmitted through mosquito bites. Malaria sufferers generally show a number of symptoms, including fever, chills, headache, excessive sweating, muscle pain, nausea, and vomiting.
It should be noted that malaria is included in the category of endemic diseases, with a high prevalence of cases especially in eastern Indonesia. Residents who live in malaria-endemic areas have a higher risk of being infected with this disease.
Diphtheria
Diphtheria is an infectious disease caused by bacteria. Symptoms that arise often include fever and inflammation of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, nose, and skin.
In 2017, diphtheria was recorded as an extraordinary case in Indonesia. This phenomenon is caused by the existence of groups of people who are susceptible to diphtheria infection due to not getting vaccinated or because their vaccination status is incomplete.
In addition to the two diseases above, there are also other infectious diseases that often attack the Indonesian people, such as measles and sore throat.
Given that infectious diseases can disrupt daily activities and should not be ignored, it is very important to take preventive measures by implementing a healthy lifestyle. This includes consuming a balanced nutritious diet and exercising regularly.
Furthermore, vaccinations and immunizations must be carried out according to the schedule or advice of medical personnel. Several clean living practices also need to be applied in daily life, such as washing hands regularly and not sharing personal equipment with others.
If preventive measures have been implemented but you experience symptoms related to the infectious diseases mentioned, it is advisable to consult a doctor for proper examination and treatment.